寰宇薈萃：城市發展多面睇

從狩獵採集的社會，以至現代化的工業社會，這個人口流動的過程，對居住地點的人數和社會結構帶來的改變，就是所謂的城市化。促進城市發展的因素，涉及投資、創新和制度。而城市的發展模式多樣化，亦非一成不變的。

(1) 族聚都市

這個概念由學者波特提出，意思是某個行業的公司和相關機構，集中在某個城市。企業間既是競爭對手，又能互相協調。例如印度班加羅爾被譽為「亞洲矽谷」，當地政府推出補貼和基建，自七十年代起發展成著名的科技中心。

(2) 國際大都會

學者薩森認為，國際大都會是指掌握全球經濟命脈的城市。中國的上海，在被迫簽署《南京條約》後，向西方開放貿易。即使在一九四九年中共建國後，曾有三十年對外封閉，在改革開放後重啟貿易，無礙它發展成東方的巴黎。

(3) 區域性城市

根據與美國簽訂的邊境工業化計劃，墨西哥推動貿易自由化，其中華雷斯城的工廠享有免稅的權利，每年促進超過一千九百億美元的出口總值。而美國的德州，自由化貿易產生區域互惠作用，當地對法律和金融服務的需求大增。

(4) 都市圈

根據聯合國預測，全球特大城市數量，從一九九零年十個，急增至二零三零年四十三個。為了解決都市人口過盛問題，主要的城市可與鄰近郊區合作，包括美國墨西哥灣沿岸地區，休斯頓、新奧爾良和巴吞魯日等就互相協作。

而荷蘭的蘭斯塔德市，也是另一個著名例子。阿姆斯特丹作為商業中心、鹿特丹作為貿易港口、烏得勒支作為交通樞紐，及海牙作為常設仲裁法院。每個城市扮演不同的角色，其他城市則提供支援，發揮協同效應。

The Many Faces of a City

From hunter-gatherer society to a modernised and industrialized society, this demographic process involved a shift in the proportion of a population living in settlements. Investment, innovation, as well as institutions are three factors that facilitate economic development. The evolution of city is also not stuck in a rut.

(1) Clusters City

The term was coined by Porter (2000). It refers to a geographic concentration of specialized companies and associated institutions, which compete but are also corporate. With the financial incentives for firms, and the provision of basic infrastructure, Bangalore, India, became the world-known IT hub since 1970.

(2) Global City

According to Sassen (2012), a global city is a command point organizing the world economy. Shanghai, China, was forced to open itself with the West under the Treaty of Nanjing. Though it closed itself in 1949, to allocate revenue over three decades, the reopening made it a new economic hub, reshaping the Paris of the East.

(3) City-Region

Under the Border Industrialisation Program, Mexico liberalized its trade. The maquiladora in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, was noticeable. The duty- and tariff-free basis facilitated over 196 USD billion of export annually. It generated demand for legal and finance services in El-paso, Texas as well. A regional reciprocity.

(4) Metropolitan Area

The United Nations predicted the amount of megacity will drastically increase from 10 in 1990 to 43 in 2030. To address the problem of overpopulation, the major city can cooperate with the suburbs cities nearby on reciprocity. For example, the Gulf Coast Area consists of Houston, New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

Perhaps the Randstad area in the Netherlands is one of the illustrations. Amsterdam as the commercial center. Rotterdam as the trading port. Utrecht as the transportation hub. And Hague as the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Each one plays a different role to subordinate the others, to maximize the synergy effect.

名稱：城市與發展 (暫譯) (Cities and Development)

作者：Sean Fox, Tom Goodfellow

年份：2016

出版地：英國

出版社：勞特里奇

類別：社會科學、城市規劃

評分：7/10

IMG: https://www.tripsavvy.com/planning-a-trip-to-amsterdam-4771665