非洲風情：利比里亞內戰─從國內混戰至國際援助

西非的利比里亞內戰，證明缺乏資源的國家，如何在國際援助下，逐步邁向民主化的道路。

威廉・托爾伯，隸屬於美裔黑人政黨真輝格黨。在他的統治下，國內局勢動盪。1980年，塞繆爾・多伊發動軍事政變。然而經濟下滑，加上偏袒克魯族，觸發查爾斯・泰勒與叛軍，在1989年發動另一場政變。

內戰由泰勒領導的利比里亞全國愛國陣線，及約翰遜親王領導的黨內叛軍展開。戰事持續升溫，奪走逾十分一利比里亞人的性命。在西非國家經濟共同體和聯合國的介入下，雙方終在1995年達成停火協議。

為了避免再次陷入內戰，民眾在兩年後的選舉，投票予民望相對高企的泰勒。然而，泰勒總統拒絕與國內反對派合作，令利比里亞戰火重燃。直至2003年，泰勒逃亡尼日利亞，國內的和平談判才正式重啟。

2005年的選舉，聯合國派駐一萬五千名士兵，設立逾三千個票站，並且為票站職員提供培訓。約翰遜‧瑟利夫當選總統後，積極解決國內資源短缺問題。倘若缺乏國際援助，利比里亞的內戰或會陷入無限輪迴。

Liberian Civil War - From Internal Conflict to External Assistance

The civil war in Liberia has demonstrated how the external support facilitated the process of democratic transformation, when a state itself is with low capacity.

The political instability intensified under the Americo-Liberian government of William R. Tolbert. Until 1980, Samuel Doe led a military coup to topple the regime.

But the weak economic performance, as well as his bias towards the Krahn ethnic group, resulted in another invasion by Charles Taylor and his rebel forces in 1989.

The internal conflict between the National Patriotic Front of Liberia led by Charles Taylor, and the faction of NPFL led by Prince Johnson, took one tenth Liberian lives.

With the involvement of several governmental organizations, such as the Economic Community of West African States and the UN, a ceasefire was reached in 1995.

Two years later, Taylor secured 3/4 votes, as voters were reluctant to return to war. But the refusal to establish an inclusive government set the country back on the road to conflict.

It was not until 2003 that Taylor fled and enabled negotiation. The UN deployed 15,000 troops, set up more than 3,000 polling stations and provided training to the electoral officials.

At last, Johnson-Sirleaf triumphed over George Weah and struggled to overcome the chronic lack of resources in 2005, dedicated to the external intervention.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://www.limesonline.com/cartaceo/i-signori-della-guerra