非洲風情：南非─從僵局到談判
- 2021年12月30日
- 讀畢需時 3 分鐘
已更新：2023年5月7日
英屬南非實施種族隔離制度，視跨種族交流和婚姻為刑事罪行。在如此高壓的政治環境下，反對派勢力，包括非洲民族議會、泛非主義大會等，仍向執政黨國民黨，展開長達十二年的非暴力抗爭運動。用作隔離人口和分配移民勞工的《通行證法》，尤其備受關注。
1960年，泛非主義大會號召民眾，在沒有持通行證情況下包圍警署。警方在拘捕鎮壓期間，槍殺近七十名示威者。國民黨宣布國家進入緊急狀態，並將反對勢力視為非法組織。非暴力抗爭失敗，觸發反對派成立「民族之矛」等軍事部隊。
國民黨未有讓步，反而引入三院制議會，按照白人、印度人和有色人種區分勢力。英殖分而治之的政策，激起更多反種族隔離組織成立。八十年代中期，超過三百萬人加入抗爭。然而彼得・博塔政權則進一步賦權安全部隊，容許他們隨意拘捕，以遏制政權眼中的「叛亂」。
在白人總理戴克拉克在任期間，南非正處於僵局。美國通過《全面反種族隔離法案》，支持實行經濟制裁。而冷戰結束，意味著非洲民族議會等組織不再受前蘇聯的補貼。面對國內經濟衰退，加上國際民主浪潮蔓延，最終促使雙方談判。
戴克拉克汲取鄰國津巴布韋教訓，而採取「防衛性民主」方式談判。政府召開民主南非大會，標誌種族隔離的結束。一方面，把南非共產黨及非洲人國民大會合法化，釋放曼德拉等社運人士。另外，又與非洲人國民大會協商制訂新憲法，少數白人的權利和資產獲保障。
值得注意的是，不少非洲領袖採取防衛性民主的手段，以確保將來的繼位者，會保障個人的利益及安全。當非洲領袖擔心自己將失勢時，他們會刻意建立強大的民主機制。短期內，他們的行動可能會受限於這些機構，長遠而言卻成為他們的保障。
South Africa - From Stalemate to Negotiation
Under the apartheid, interracial relationships were once criminalised in South Africa. Opposition parties such as African National Congress (ANC) and Pan African Congress (PAC) could not stand with the National Party (NP), and launched a nonviolent campaign for 12 years.
In 1960, PAC mobilised a petition in a police station without holding the pass books, which was designed for movement limitation and population segregation. 69 protestors got killed during the arrest. NP declared a state of emergency and criminalised the opposition.
The failure of non-violent tactics led to a military wing, aka Spear of the Nation. In response to guerrilla attacks, NP introduced a tricameral parliament that segregated white, Indians and coloureds, which urged the formation of larger anti-apartheid bodies.
3 million+ joined the movement in the 80s due to the divide-and-rule policy. Yet the Botha regimes responded by granting the security forces more power to contain the insurgency. The state was at an impasse during F.W. de Klerk, the last white president of South Africa.
America passed the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. Furthermore, the end of the Cold War means ANC could no longer be subsidised by the Soviet Union. Economic decline and global climate have facilitated both sides to negotiate.
He witnessed the plight of Zimbabwe and adopted the “defensive democratisation”. The Convention for a Democratic South Africa marked an end of apartheid. Activists were free. South African Communist Party and African National Congress are legalised.
His National Party even negotiated with the local African National Congress, and drafted a new constitution. The rights and assets of the whites were guaranteed. In fact, “defensive democratisation” is what most incumbents pursue for stable transition.
They will constrain the ability of successors in order not to be persecuted by them. Once the electoral defeat is foreseeable, leaders tend to create strong democratic institutions. It may confine their power to the system. But in the long term, it is a way to offer self-protection.
名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)
作者：Nic Cheeseman
年份：2015
出版地：美國
出版社：劍橋大學出版社
類別：非洲政治
評分：7/10
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