非洲風情：坦桑尼亞─從一黨專政至多黨政體

即使是威權政體，亦會試圖在公民參與和極權控制中取得平衡。即使是一黨專政的坦桑尼亞亦然，在六十年代成為總統的朱利葉斯．尼雷爾，試圖藉此提高政權合法性。

尼雷爾備受政黨「坦噶尼喀非洲民族聯盟」推崇，從首席部長，逐步登上總統寶座。上任後迅速立法，將這東非國家變成一黨制。尼雷爾認為這種政體，對國家發展是最為理想模式。

另一邊廂，尼雷爾又定期舉行黨內選舉。坦桑尼亞人有權在政黨名單中，選擇代表所屬地區的政客。他相信選舉有助提高選區服務質素，亦會減低不同種族和地區的糾紛。

但是缺乏多黨制的競爭，黨員的積極性大減。政府不得不打壓迅速冒起的反對派，包括制定《預防性拘留法》，結果遭受當局無理拘捕的政治犯數量，比種族隔離下的南非更多。

由於政治和經濟的表現皆令民眾失望，尼雷爾 在1985年自願下台，更促成執政的革命黨，在九十年代重新引入多黨制，由國內勢力促成一黨獨大里程劃上句號。

Tanzania - From One-party to Multipartyism 

Authoritarian regimes in Africa experimented with various combinations of participation and control for greater legitimacy. Even the one-party state did. Julius Nyerere, the Tanzanian  President in the 1960s, proved it.

The establishment of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) propelled his political prominence, from chief minister to president. He turned the country into a one-party state, believing it was an ideal way for development.

Simultaneously, he instituted the regular one-party election. People were allowed to choose a set of candidates from TANU. Constituency services might be improved, while the division of ethnic communities might be reduced.

Credibility has not been enhanced expectedly. The absence of multiparty competition just blunted the enthusiasm of members. Coercion needed to be deployed to deter the opposition, such as the Preventative Detention Act. 

Both political and economic performance was not as prosperous as Nyerere expected. After stepping down voluntarily in 1985, he hastened his successors within ruling party CCM, to reintroduce multiparty politics in the 1990s.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Nyerere