非洲風情：塞內加爾的「良性」循環

美國政治學者提出，即使選舉不是完全自由和公平，持續舉辦卻有助鞏固民主。1966年，西非的塞內加爾成為一黨政體，由利奧波德・桑戈爾擔任總統，及其領導的塞內加爾進步聯盟（UPS，後來命名為PS）管治。

最早遭殖四個小鎮，擁有選舉經驗，加上UPS有信心維持政權，於是在1974年把塞內加爾民主黨（PDS）合法化，賦其自由主義立場。兩年後，當局把非洲獨立黨（PAI）合法化，賦其共產主義立場，而最大反對黨仍被拒諸門外。

1981年，桑戈爾自願下台，由阿卜杜・迪烏夫繼任。迪烏夫缺乏國父光環，加上國內經濟衰退，他批准反對派有限度贏得議席，以保持政權的合法性。其中PDS獲取議席逐步提升，由1983年8個，增至1993年27個。

反對派杯葛1990年的地方選舉，表達對政權操縱選舉的不滿，但執政黨PS仍在1993年，保持多數議席優勢。然而，國會在1997年成立選舉委員會。委員會在不受政治干預下，逐漸開放競爭，反對派聯盟最終在26年後掌權執政。

Senegal - The Virtuous Cycle of Democracy

According to Kreg Lindberg, holding elections repeatedly will consolidate the democratic reforms of a political system, even if they are not fully free and fair.

Take a look at Senegal to illustrate how it achieved the reform. In 1966, Senegal became a one-party state, led by Leopold Senghor and the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS).

With the experience of the Four Communes of Senegal, and the confidence on retaining the power, it legalized the liberal democratic Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) in 1974.

Two years later, it became a three-party state when the regime legalised Marxist–Leninist African Independence Party. Though National Democratic Rally, the main rival was excluded.

Out of expectation, Senghor stepped down voluntarily in 1981, and was replaced by Abdou Diou peacefully. He understood his absence of legitimacy as a founding father.

Combined with the economic crisis, the opposition was allowed to win limited seats to retain his credibility. PDS won the seats from 8 in 1983, to 27 in 1993 gradually.

The opposition boycotted local elections in 1990, due to the alleged manipulation of votes in the previous election, even though PS still retained its majority in 1993.

Abdou established a new electoral commission in 1997, which refrained from any political interference, and allowed the opposition Sopi coalition to gain the victory after 26 years.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://beyondthesinglestory.wordpress.com/2018/04/03/leopold-sedar-senghor/