非洲風情：多哥─難以根除的民主絆腳石

在西非的多哥，埃亞德馬將軍於1967年政變，推翻西方殖民統治。執政黨多哥人民聯盟，嘗試建立文人政府。可惜分而治之的政策，令卡比耶族得勢。埃亞德馬崇拜個人主義，及侵犯人權的記錄，亦備受社會批評。

黨內貪污成風，派系勢力割裂，多哥的國內政治和經濟局勢逐漸失控。埃亞德瑪選擇成立國家人權委員會，調查包括個人在內的濫權和暴力問題，試圖挽回民望。國際政府亦根據調查結果發表譴責聲明，敦促多哥進行改革。

可惜，相關委員會只是政治手段。儘管以法國為首的國際社會，批評多哥人權狀況，但是受惠於當地礦產和磷酸鹽出口，均令黨內勢力、軍隊，以至法國未有實際行動。而軍人出身的埃亞德馬，亦毫不吝嗇打壓國內異見人士。

埃亞德馬在任期間，政治改革規模有限。例如臨時政府的成員，曾一度遭軍隊脅持。多哥人民聯盟亦被指操縱選舉，令反對派勢力掌權無望。他在2005年去世後，其兒子福雷繼任總統職位後，才試圖改革並重新引入多黨制政體。

Togo - Obstruction From Top to Bottom

General Eyadéma seized power through a coup in 1967. The Rally of Togolese People intended to confer the image of a civilian government. But his Kabye ethnic group took the advantage of the divide-and-rule strategy. 

Coupled with his personality cult and human rights abuses records, people criticized his regime, such as corruption and partisan. Surprisingly, he established the National Human Rights Commission and reported evidence of widespread brutality.

The International government therefore urged Togo to reform. However, the investigation was nothing more than a show. Revenue from mineral and phosphate exports kept the RTP activists, army, as well as the French leaders on-side, regardless of all the fine rhetoric.

He had a great coercive capacity to contain the opposition. Political reform was far from satisfactory. RPT also rigged the election before his death in 2005. Realizing the failure of dictatorship, his son Faure reintroduced the multiparty system and held fair elections.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://savoirs.rfi.fr/br/comprendre-enrichir/histoire/gnassingbe-eyadema-sexplique-sur-rfi