非洲風情：安哥拉內戰─從國際角力至國內共識

安哥拉內戰中，若澤・多斯桑托斯領導安哥拉人民解放運動，獲古巴和蘇聯支持，屬於共產黨勢力陣營。正值冷戰時期，由若納斯・薩文比領導的爭取安哥拉徹底獨立全國聯盟，則獲得美國和南非加持，雙方展開衝突對壘。

古巴同意撤軍，前提是南非放棄干預安哥拉和納米比亞獨立運動。由於安盟否認承諾解散軍隊，作為停戰協議一部分，戰事持續爆發。最終在葡萄牙斡旋下，雙方同意舉行選舉，聯合國亦派員監察停火和選舉。

但是，雙方缺乏信任，加上聯合國的監察員未能有效促進撤軍。1992年，選舉第二輪選舉仍未開始，戰事就在首都羅安達繼續爆發。直到2002年，若納斯・薩文比遭到敵方殺害，27年內戰才告一段落。

百廢待舉的安哥拉，政經狀況未達西方要求，只能向中國提出以石油換取資金和基建。「安哥拉模式」卻成功促使當地，躍身成為非洲以南第三大經濟體。管治近四十載的多斯桑托斯亦透過選舉，順利交棒至若昂．洛倫索。

葡萄牙帝國在1974年康乃馨革命後，逐漸面臨瓦解。其中中非的安哥拉內戰，就成為葡萄牙殖民地戰爭。內戰證明唯有國內達到共識，才能確保持久和平。國際政府間的調停，或許只有短暫作用。

Angolan Civil War - From Proxy War to Internal Negotiation

The bloody war began between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government, led by José Eduardo dos Santos, and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi.

The former one was supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the latter one was supported by the US and South Africa due to ideology. It was followed by the collapse of the Portuguese Empire.

Cuba agreed to remove its troops on condition that South Africa would end its intervention in both Angola and Namibia’s independence. But UNITA denied the promises of going into exile and disbanding the army.

Brokered by Portugal, the parties reached an agreement on election. The United Nations sent troops to monitor the ceasefire and observe the polls. But it was said that the election was not fair and free.

Coupled with the absence of trust and the inability of mediators to enforce the process of disarmament, the election of 1992 was a catastrophe, hurling another bomb in the capital Luanda which lasted for 27 years.

The peace agreement was not reached, until 2002 that Savimbi was assassinated by MPLA. Due to the poor political and economic reform, Angola had no choice but requested financial assistance from China with oil.

This Angola model facilitated the country as the third largest economy in the sub-Saharan region. João Lourenço replaced Dos Santos in 2017 as the new elected president, after the 40-year presidency of the latter one.

The Carnation Revolution led to decolonization of the Portuguese Empire. The Angolan civil war demonstrates the domestic factors determine the long-lasting peace, instead of the temporary pause intervened by the globe.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://borealisthreatandrisk.com/1984-bomb-attack-in-angola/