非洲風情：戰死沙場的乍得總統
- 2021年12月30日
- 讀畢需時 3 分鐘
已更新：2023年5月7日
新聞傳來伊德里斯・代比的死訊。軍方指代比在北部地區，與利比亞恐怖份子對峙時中彈身亡。事發前一天，這位乍得總統以近八成得票率，第六次當選總統。軍方宣布成立過渡軍事委員會，接管國家18個月，承諾舉行選舉，由文人政府治國。臨時總統則由其兒子擔任。
這個中非的內陸國，因乍得湖命名，但全國逾三成面積被撒哈拉沙漠覆蓋。北部以阿拉伯人為主，信奉伊斯蘭教；而南部則以黑人居多，信奉基督教，其中薩拉族獲法國支持而得益匪淺。即使國父托姆巴巴耶在六零年帶領乍得獨立，仍然延續親法政策，容許法國駐軍。
獨裁高壓手段惹來北部穆斯林不滿，成立乍德民族解放陣線反抗。雖然在法軍支援下成功鎮壓，但政權不敵馬盧姆的軍事政變推翻。軍方內部形成三股勢力，包括馬盧姆的軍政府；獲美法支持、主張和解的哈布雷；及獲利比亞支持、主張與利比亞合併的古庫尼。
內戰未遂，在非洲統一組織斡旋下，各方同意成立全國團結過渡政府。期間美法與利比亞曾開展戰事，直至哈布雷與代比在「豐田戰爭」戰勝利比亞，及與古庫尼以外勢力和解，戰事趨向結束。然而，代比不滿掌權的哈布雷架空自己，三年後領導愛國拯救運動發動政變。
在世界銀行和埃克森美孚協助下，乍得透過喀麥隆輸油管，成為石油輸出國。但是石油收益未有惠及當地人民，反而成為代比拉攏國內政客、西方國家，及購買軍備鎮壓叛軍的工具。退守利比亞南部叛軍，成為利比亞國民軍總司令哈夫塔僱傭兵，或會為乍得局勢帶來不穩。
代比親自揮兵作戰身亡，非洲失去一位軍事強人，外界擔心國內衝突持續外，地緣政治風險大增。臨時政府會否繼續出兵支援尼日利亞，打擊伊斯蘭武裝博科聖地？西非的薩赫勒五國集團又何去何從？馬里、貝基納法索與尼日爾三國邊境又會否重燃戰火？
The End of Chad's 'Great Survivor'
Idriss Déby, Chad's president, has been killed in the clashes with Libyan rebels. A day before, he had just been re-elected for the sixth term presidency.
The military council will take over the interim government, before the upcoming elections in 18 months. It was under the leadership of Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, the son of Idriss.
It is named after Lake Chad, but 30% of land is covered by the Sahara Desert. Arabian lives in the North. A majority are Muslim. While the Black lives in the South. Most are Protestant.
The French-backed ethnic group Sara took the advantages. François Tombalbaye, the founding father of Chad, still allowed French military intervention after the independence.
Dictatorship triggered the establishment of the National Liberation Front of Chad by Muslim. Even the French suppressed the rebellion, the regime was still overthrown by Félix Malloum.
The army was divided into three groups. They were led by the Malloum government; Hissène Habré who was backed by the West; and Goukouni Oueddei who was backed by Libya.
The parties reached the agreement negotiated by the Organisation of African Unity, though sporadic clashes occurred during the transitional period.
With the help of Déby, Habré fought over the Gaddafi army during the Toyota War. He also negotiated with other parties, which excluded Goukouni, and united Chad to a certain extent.
Three years later, Déby once again led the Patriotic Salvation Movement. He carried out various attacks across the border, in order to retain his power.
With the assistance of several organizations, such as the World Bank and ExxonMobil, it built its first Chad-Cameroon pipeline, and became an oil exporting country.
Yet, the oil profit did not benefit the locals. Déby utilized it in exchange for the support from the politicians and the West, and the purchase of weapons to combat the rebels.
Some of the rebels exiled to southern Libya, and became the mercenary of the Haftar government. The stronger the army, the greater the threat towards Chad.
Déby took charge in battle yet sacrificed on the frontline. The risk of the geopolitical conflict might increase due to the death of the “Great Survivor”.
Can the interim government resist Boko Haram in Nigeria? Will the G5 Sahel continue its role in jihadist fight? Can the borders of Mali, Bekina Faso and Niger remain stable?
留言