非洲風情：贊比亞─迅速崛起的工人勢力

銅礦開採在贊比亞扮演重要的經濟角色。由五十年代起，這個行業聘用近廿七萬名工人。基於大英政府建立的部落委員會，未能為勞工發聲，當地紛紛成立不同工會。

包括北羅得西亞非洲礦工工會、聯合民族獨立黨，及贊比亞礦工工會等，在各地紛紛成立。新興工會尤其得到勞工人口高的城市支持，會員願意捐出工資支援運作。

贊比亞獨立後，當局試圖以贊比亞工會代表大會取代民間組織，甚或制定《勞資關係法》，阻礙工會行使罷工權力，亦未能削弱工會龐大勢力，工人傾向信賴自己加入的組織。

銅礦產業的稅收，支持總統肯尼思・卡翁達制定多元的經濟政策。1972年，政府以改善工資和生活為條件，換取工會對多黨制的讓步，支持國家實行一黨制。

然而，卡翁達政權未能令經濟復甦，贊比亞工會代表大會改變初衷，轉趨批評政府。1991年，工會領袖弗雷德里克‧齊盧巴帶領多黨民主運動勝出選舉，重新引入多黨制。

Zambia - The Power of Labour Union

Copper mining played a vital economic role in Zambia. In the 1950s, this industry employed around 270,000 workers. Frustrated by the limitations of the tribal councils established by the colonial government, different labour unions were established.

Northern Rhodesia Mine Workers' Union, United National Independence Party, and the Mine-worker’s Union of Zambia. They generated support from urban areas and received donations from the members’ wages. Labour had the right to elect their own leaders.

As the unions became larger, the government failed to harness their power and mobility, neither by establishing the Zambian Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), nor undermining the right to strike, by implementing the Industrial Relations Act of 1971.

The Kaunda government promised to divert copper revenues to diversify local economics. So the unions soon accepted the curtailment of multiparty politics in 1972, in exchange for concessions of wages and living conditions, not until Kaunda failed to recover the economy.

ZCTU reversely adopted a critical attitude. Chiluba even led the Movement for Multi-party Democracy and defeated Kaunda. Multiparty politics was reintroduced again. Yet, Chiluba indulged in his power. It was not until 2001 that he was held to account by the opposition.

名稱：非洲民主：成功、失敗與政治改革的鬥爭 (暫譯) (Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform)

作者：Nic Cheeseman

年份：2015

出版地：美國

出版社：劍橋大學出版社

類別：非洲政治

評分：7/10

IMG: https://www.globalblackhistory.com/kenneth-kaunda-zambias-president-freedom-fighter-dead-at-97/